A number of revisions, including new domains for comparison and motives, have also been made since 1954. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18, 302-318. Alicia Nortje, Ph.D. 4. According to Psychology Today, a shift in perception can make this type of social comparison more beneficial for both parties when focusing on our common humanity. For example, comparing the writing ability of two people in the same age group is more sensible than comparing the writing ability of an adult to a child. It's a boost to our ego and our mood. (2001). An accurate self-perception is crucial, he adds, because it is necessary for navigating and responding to the social world--and to help develop an accurate self-perception we make social comparisons. Abstract. A still expanding literature is exploring the role of social comparisons with respect to coping with a wide range of health problems, including cancer, physical decline among the aged, rheumatoid arthritis . Social Comparison: An Unavoidable Upward or Downward Spiral. If you've ever read about the theory of cognitive dissonance, you might have heard Festinger's name before. We propose a new model that distinguishes between individual and situational factors that increase social comparison and thus lead to a range of competitive attitudes and behavior. Relative Deprivation and Social Comparison book Social comparison is the process of evaluating oneself using comparisons to others. Individual factors are (2010). It has been associated, for example, with self-enhancement strategies (Wills, 1981), affect (Wheeler & Miyake, 1992; Buunk, Collins, Taylor, VanYperen & Dakof, 1990), opinion formulation (Suls, Martin & Wheeler 2002) and belief about personal . Festinger's social comparison theory proposed that people who compare themselves with those who are similar to them typically produce accurate appraisals of their capabilities and beliefs. A trusted reference in the field of psychology, offering more than 25,000 clear and authoritative entries. He is a clinical psychology doctoral candidate and was Adjunct Professor of Psychology at Azusa Pacific University from 2012 to 2015 where he taught general psychology, social psychology, and psychopathology. Social comparison activity is one of the most important spheres of human functioning; it is necessary for appraising where one stands within his or her community and for establishing viable routes for connecting with others. This volume provides an up-to-date synthesis of the latest theoretical and empirical developments in social psychology through research on social comparison processes. Wills, T.A. The theory was an elaboration on Sherif's Realistic Conflict Theory (RCT). Implications for the concept, measurement, and theory of social comparison are discussed. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. A Theory of Social Comparison Processes, Retrieved September 12, 2007, from hum.sagepub.com database A Theory of Social Comparison Processes Leon Festinger∗ In this paper we shall present a further development of a previously published theory concerning opinion influence processes in social groups (7). Festinger (1954) was the first to theorize that comparing oneself to others is a human need essential for acquiring information about the self. 4. So it's not necessarily the website that's causing those negative emotions, but the comparisons we make in our heads as . Social comparison theory has been applied to many theoretical concepts within psychology since 1954. Social comparison choices in the classroom: further evidence for students' upward comparison tendency and its beneficial impact on performance. Google Scholar; Jerry Suls, John Gastorf, and John Lawhon. From: Encyclopedia of Body Image and Human Appearance, 2012. Psychological Bulletin, 90, 245-271. Business Horizons 53: 59-68. The social comparison theory concerns individuals comparing views with others, while the informational influence theory focuses on an individual trying to persuade another. Social comparison research has some very well defined experimental procedures, and the authors narrowed down an initial 1200 papers to 145 that met their strictest method requirements. Leon Festinger contributed some of the most important theories to social psychology. 1.1 | Social comparison Festinger (1954) conceived SCT to explain how individuals make self-evaluations regarding opinions and abilities, seeking similar others as upward comparison targets (superior others), to maintain a stable self-view (Corcoran, Crusius, & Mussweiler, 2011). Consistent with a mood repair predict … I must be doing something right *Breathe out. Psychological Bulletin, 90, 245-271. Social comparison, a pervasive aspect of daily life, consists in comparing oneself to others in order to evaluate or enhance some aspect of the self. Henri Tajfel's greatest contribution to psychology was social identity theory. Chapter 2: Self, Culture and Social Comparisons. The results further showed significant interactions between upward comparisons and teaching experience on job . The theory was developed in 1954 by psychologist Leon . d. relies more heavily on correlational research. Early research in social psychology on level of aspiration and on reference groups contributed to Leon Festinger's social comparison theory, which he proposed in 1954. a. is more likely to study the social causes of behavior. In Relative deprivation and social comparison: The Ontario Symposium, Vol. It also seems that this is especially true in situations of uncertainty, in . Social comparison takes place when individuals compare themselves with others on abilities and personal characteristics. 64 (5): 708-722. Chapter 4: Attraction/Relationships. Download as PDF. The following are illustrative examples. social comparison. His work has changed the way we understand attitude formation and social thinking. Social comparison exists in two types. Consequently, social comparison theory is increasingly becoming recognized as a fruitful framework for illuminating health related issues. For example, with the normative style, social comparison increases awareness of certain salient norms (e.g., beauty standard, correctness of opinion). Comparison processes in relative deprivation: A life-span analysis. This study focused on the effect of employee's social comparison orientation on job performance, and investigated 255 employees from enterprises and institutions in Hebei, Guangdong and some other provinces. The challenges and opportunities of Social Media. The subjects were required to fill a questionnaire including three scales. When psychologists think of social comparison theory, they initially recall Leon Festinger's classic paper on a theory of social comparison processes. Social comparison theory also suggests that social comparison has an important influence on human behavior and psychology (Festinger, 1954).
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