25Ev1T0GZka0oiek3JqnYg0Fdqgqsfi/5xa8ivocuj6rq2tavbiIQaaby7V/0fGHV/8AQ4/T9KNj 12 69 178 255 Ozone hole modest despite conditions ripe for depletion Global efforts to reduce atmospheric chlorine are paying off. R=96 G=56 B=19 This is called ozone depletion. JcF45pnmDFYv7wByaE13ptiqXT37tPYa/pUM8Fpc6kkSX1xeyO1xG8rI8YtTyUJsaVIIpiqKsbJd THE OZONE DEPLETION PHENOMENON. G.M.B. RGB The quantitative balance of CFCs and its products eliminates the possibility that chlorine from volcanic eruptions or other natural sources created the ozone hole. 76 255 RGB NTpUYqrYq7FWA/mjoH6U0GaMfaX4l2ruAclCVG2Mo2KfMMFxPpepq4qssD79uhzYn1RdcPSX1L5W Dobson had hoped his study would lead to a new method of predicting the weather. 0 Click here to buy this book in print or download it as a free PDF, if available. 115 0 The ways that will help reduce the depletion rate are good examples of what can be done. 188 VpmCjFWLeafNlvpVrJI5FVrRa0qclGJkaCJSAFl415g/MXVNRcrDWCME9GqT+Azb4OzhzkXV5tee 3. After eight weeks, the hole leaves Antarctica, only to pass over more populated areas, including New Zealand and Australia. endstream Worldwide monitoring has shown that stratospheric ozone has declined for at least two decades, with losses of about 10 percent in the winter and spring and 5 percent in the summer and autumn in such diverse locations as Europe, North America, and Australia. View our suggested citation for this chapter. HLeHY1XOT4X1crJbw06rhAQhmuzXqMlTG1OW4JHUYQFJWw3B9VBUfaH68nEbhqzH0H3Ppz8uf+Ud 6N59SiVnJa6DLB6nFS3H06e9dsVTTVvzb8w6Z5B8lXzadbXPnDzs1nb2VoTJb2UU94gk5SkmWQJG That was not surprising, because most major cities, including London, widely used CFCs. Jump up to the previous page or down to the next one. 0nU04SpX5chXNpqI8UC67BLhmH1N5dvhdWiOCCCK7Zoncsd/PPzfeeUfyr1/WrBzHqCQrb2cq7Mk kMlqmh+abXTtOuJvqeoWdy11ZySyShDEtUmUuzMpY1XY9sVRv5d2LLoFtqc9zPdXt9EpmkmkZwFQ RGB R=198 G=156 B=109 over Australia) is thinned, leading to more UV radiation reaching the earth. Curiously, some of the substances that occur in the smallest concentrations rank as some of the biggest players in altering the atmosphere. White 4.1. PROCESS But higher up, in the stratosphere, “good” ozone protects life on Earth by absorbing some of the sun’s UV rays. These ODS are not banned or covered by licensing or quotas but you must report on imports and exports. R=46 G=49 B=146 Analysing the latest data on the environment-disease nexus and the devastating impact of environmental hazards and risks on global health, backed up by expert opinion, this report covers more than 130 diseases and injuries. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages. Detectors today routinely measure compounds at concentrations below one part per trillion, and some can record gases that occur in concentrations one-thousandth as great at that. 100 All this activity doubled the worldwide use of CFCs every six to seven years. Ozone Depletion Potential. ' Dr JONATHAN PATZ Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health 'This book provides a sturdy foundation for thinking about how best to tackle a varied spectrum of population health hazards posed by different aspects and combinations of ... The following article, adapted from an account by Dr. F. Sherwood Rowland, a pioneering researcher in the field who shared the 1995 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work, attempts to answer these and other questions. This timeline shows the chain of events leading to prediction of the ozone depletion phenomenon, recognition of its consequences, and eventual actions to avert a threatened disaster. If planktons decrease in number due to ozone layer destruction, the marine food chain would be disrupted in many ways. There is a substantial time lag between the time when ODS emissions begin to decline and the point at which the ozone layer begins to recover. Today, more than >> ...or use these buttons to go back to the previous chapter or skip to the next one. Ozone depleting substances are replaced by alternatives that reduce overall risk to human health and the environment; Use of the agricultural fumigant methyl bromide is phased out in a manner that provides continued control of pests that threaten food supplies and other economically important products traded internationally by the U.S.[14]; and, Essay on Ozone Depletion. Even in some of the most remote locations on Earth, scientists have detected hundreds of compounds. 0 R=102 G=45 B=145 Like other researchers at the time, Rowland had no inkling that CFCs could harm the environment, but the injection into the atmosphere of large quantities of previously unknown compounds piqued his interest. 1 0 obj 1eHVdAsryMgloY/UFa0biK5rpCi7GJsJP+ZZr5XuR4g/qyjUfQXO7O/v4+982RQUAzliX1UBX9DB –A True –B False. 4 Consequences of ozone layer depletion 4.1 Increased UV 4.2 Biological effects of increased UV and microwave radiation from a depleted ozone layer 4.2.1 Effects of ozone layer depletion on humans 4.2.2 Effects on crops 4.2.3 Effects on plankton 5 Public policy in response to the ozone hole 6 Current events and future prospects of ozone depletion The images below show analyses of total ozone over the Antarctic by Copernicus. xmp.iid:BEC7F3DCEB6DE3119069CEE2EDC01C56 82 R=199 G=178 B=153 Driving a car is likely a person's single most polluting daily activity. Effects on Eyes. The ozone layer partly absorbs another ultraviolet band, known as UV-B, before it can reach Earth. Visit our Web site, http://www2.nas.edu/bsi. At the same time, measurements in the lower atmosphere established that CFC levels had increased steadily and dramatically since the first recordings taken by Lovelock in 1970. The most urgent story of our times, brilliantly reframed, beautifully told: how we had the chance to stop climate change, and failed. The book also shows what the history of the field sciences can contribute to environmental history-especially how knowledge in the field sciences has intersected with changing environments-and addresses key present-day problems related to ... R=217 G=224 B=33 tykdvY+77XJPs1l7/sS+50TULcEtGSB3AzMxdqYp9XAz9j5se9KFvfXlpIGikaNhvSpGZE8OPIHD Ozone: Health hazards and control measures Page 6 of 10 Health and Safety Executive 23 Employers need to ensure that, where appropriate, their employees are aware of the precautions required to reduce the risks from exposure to ozone, and the control measures that are used. Additional research has shown that ozone depletion occurs over every continent. R=147 G=39 B=143 t1IsCyL/AJUfqcx8sVY9/wA4veULDQvyo03UUjB1PXw1/qF0R8b8nYQryO/FI6beJY98Veq39ja3 A warm-ing trend and stratospheric ozone depletion have been observed in Europe over the last four decades. Do you enjoy reading reports from the Academies online for free? Complete ban on industrial production of CFCs goes into effect. During the next several years, October ozone levels continued to decline. W.N. xmp.iid:02F5B336445EE311B85BC6AB6B0FBEC0 115 saved 50 Drawing on the experience of 58 developed and developing countries around the globe, this guidebook provides a concise overview of the ozone protection regulations. y21D+8KLsz8eHLoSMVSv88bpha20VT8UtafJTmXox63F1Z9LGPyj08XXmOOZlDJEa7+NMyNZPamn PotoVZbVOQ7kLgtNBlFj5ctbVQEjVQPAAYEppHAiAAClMVVcVdirsVdirsVdirsVdirsVdirsVdi In 1985, the scientists published an article in Nature announcing that stratospheric ozone over Antarctica was reduced 40% in September, the end of the austral winter. PROCESS Gumdrop Ozone Depletion Model: Battling for Oxygen. RGB /Differences [1 /uni2009 3 /uni2010] It will also help reduce ozone levels in the remaining nonattainment ... results in significant oxygen depletion, die-back of underwater plants, and reduced populations 2013-12-26T10:39:20+05:30 However ozone depletion in the polar lower stratosphere depends on the low tempera-tures there. The United States ratifies the Montreal Protocol in a unanimous vote. >> RGB xmp.iid:BEC7F3DCEB6DE3119069CEE2EDC01C56 RGB This helps you give your presentation on Depletion of Ozone Layer in a conference, a school lecture, a business proposal, in a webinar and business and professional representations. This book sheds light on the intricacy of the situation and its portants. The book will be useful to students and researchers looking for a current overview of the ozone hole problem. div 0 28 SQSvpLWpFOuZ+PPMmjCh73nNToNPCBlHMJyHTh5/a29suvecdW0/UbiZbTTIrf6pZRSvCH9ZOTzN JPEG Ozone depletion is predicted to peak in the next few years. 83 1bizAgmtPniqlqd/faGfMWl6deyiygFmYppHaVrQ3LhJArsS32TUVO3zxVHX+g6fpPm/ysLOeZxN 30 PROCESS This band, known as UV-A, has wavelengths just slightly shorter than ordinary visible light. The abundance of chlorofluorocarbon gases is decreasing as a result of international regulations designed to protect the ozone layer. Based on feedback from you, our users, we've made some improvements that make it easier than ever to read thousands of publications on our website. 229 Recent reports suggest that the protective ozone layer is being depleted at a rate sufficient to leave "holes" over the Antarctic, causing higher UV RGB R=115 G=99 B=87 / Note: … unless another standard is introduced that is close in value to 10 . PROCESS If you need to print pages from this book, we recommend downloading it as a PDF. TMDza8vLqKRw9e8a8UPuMVTnyr+Ydn+X3/OM3l/zLc2zXjQWUUVtaI3D1JpZGVFL0bivcmnQdzir The uploader spent his/her valuable time to create this Depletion of Ozone Layer powerpoint presentation slides, to share his/her useful content with the world. Hartley discovered that a broad band of ultraviolet light reaches Earth almost unimpeded. 90 sqERqrGUsrHYMtKe+KsC8v8A53/m15u03y/d+T/KdtfwTSRQeYtTnMkNpHO5JkitwZPUCxJTnLRw General environmental degradation and the depletion of natural resources are also major challenges facing the country and hence the drive towards resource management and conservation. 256 Sx3t9AA0FM1rnsA/N5a+XXb+UN+rKdR9Bc3s7+/j73zlHc/CM5ch9VBbecnGltSMu+GmNtPJtiFJ This volume presents the most up-to-date data and theories available on ozone depletion, greenhouse gases, and climatic change. 140 © 2021 National Academy of Sciences. Human activities effectively punched a hole in it, through the use of gases like chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in spray cans and refrigerants, which break down ozone molecules in the upper atmosphere. RGB The aim of this review is to explore modalities by which the healthcare sector, particularly ophthalmology, can reduce carbon emissions, related costs and overall environmental impact, whilst maintaining a high standard of patient care. Some monitored the compounds from the ground; others used balloons or aircraft. To make matters worse, other scientists had demonstrated that an entirely different group of compounds could further reduce ozone levels. ++ O. But this "good" ozone is endobj RGB By the early 1970s, industry used about a million tons every year. 104 It saves the earth from the harmful ultraviolet rays of the sun. ozone depletion. the stratosphere, could reduce the rate of gas-phase ozone destruction in much of the stratosphere and hence reduce stratospheric ozone depletion. Solutions to Ozone Layer Depletion. Co-ordinated adap-tation mechanisms will … Cancer-causing ultraviolet radiation occupies the region of the spectrum between visible light and even higher frequency radiation such as x-rays and gamma rays. Since 1987, more than 150 countries have signed an international agreement, the Montreal Protocol, which called for a phased reduction in the release of CFCs such that the yearly amount added to the atmosphere in 1999 would be half that of 1986. 2013-12-26T10:39:20+05:30 The ozone layer is a region of the stratosphere containing ozone, or O3 gas. 2013-12-06T16:34:45+05:30 But compared to many global environmental agreements, ozone depletion had some characteristics that made it potentially easy to … Richard Stolars and Ralph Cicerone disco stratospheric chlorine chain reaction. 6x+9jP50eZV0vQF09DWfUAwNDQqq8f65k4Y3Jw80qDxPynYSal5hsrZQTymQseuwYVzLyzqLiYo3 GRAY /Filter /FlateDecode An easy way to remember this is the phrase “good up high, bad nearby.” Ozone Layer Depletion Compounds that contain chlorine and bromine Such research spurred advances on two fronts: a substantial increase in the precision and accuracy of measurements of atmospheric gases and a striking decrease in the minimum concentration of a compound that must be present to be detected. The Ozone Problem •Ozone – Molecule of 3 oxygen atoms ... • Production of bad ozone –Acdi rani •Reduction – Reduce emissions •Power palnts •Vehicles .
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